Have to, should, must

~아/어/여 (only when you) 야 되다/하다 (is it possible)
~았/었어야 됐다/했다

자야 되다, 자야 하다 – have to sleep
써야 되다, 써야 하다 – should write
집에 가야 돼요 – I have to go home
저는 뭐 해야 돼요? – what should I do?
엄제까지 여기에 있어야 해요 – until when should i be here?
누구한테 줘야 돼요? – who should i give this to?
어디에서 사야 돼요? – where should I buy it?

나는 그것에 대해서 좀더 신중해야 했었는데 – i should’ve been more considerate.
제가 어떻게 했어야 했죠? – What should I have done?

~아/어야 지(요) = must, have to, ought to, should
~지 말아야 지(요) = must not, should not
~았/었어야 지(요), ~지 말았어야 지(요)

Speaker is making a promise to themselves, or reprimanding someone else for not doing something they should have. Equivalent to “I’ll have to…” or “You ought to…”

나는 지금 가야 지! = I must go now
열심히 공부를 해 야 지! = You need to study hard!
사람들은 크리스마스에 크리스마스트리를 만들어 야 지! = People need to put up a Christmas tree for Christmas!
호빗3 영화에 빌보가 더 멋지게 되어야지요 – In Hobbit 3, I’ll have to make Bilbo cooler.
너무 젊어서 은퇴하지 말아야지요 = I shouldn’t retire too young.

~아/어/여 보다 – try to do, give it a try

써 보다 – to try using something
들어가 보다 – to try going in

이거 써 봤어요? – Have you tried using this?
들어가 볼까요? – Shall we try going in (and see what it’s like)?
이거 해 보고 싶어요 – I want to try doing this
이거 먹어 봐요 – Try eating this. / Try some of this
저도 거기 안 가 봤어요 – I haven’t been there yet, either. / I haven’t tried going there, either
제가 먼저 해 볼게요 – I will try doing it first. / I will give it a try first
누구한테 물어볼까요? – Whom shall I ask?
제가 알아볼게요 – I’ll look into it

Fixed expressions

물어보다 – to ask (물어 보다 – to try asking)
알아보다 – to look into something, to recognise
알아볼게요 – i’ll look into it
지켜보다 – to keep a watchful eye on someone/something

To get, to become descriptive verb: ~아/어 지다

~아/어져요 (지어요)
~아/어졌어요
~아/어질 거에요

좋아져요 = become/get better
추워져요 = become/get cold
슬프져요 = become/get sad
예뻐졌어 – got prettier
똑똑해졌어요 = became/got smarter
똥똥해졌어요 = became/got fat
나빠졌어요 = became worse or got bad
나빠질 거에요 = will become worse/bad
더워질 거에요 = will become hot

날씨는 주말에 추워졌어 = The weather got cold over the weekend
저의 여자 친구는 예뻐지고 있어요 = My girlfriend is getting pretty
집 값은 비싸지고 있어 = House prices are getting expensive
날씨가 따뜻해졌어 – The weather has become warm.
컴퓨터가 빨라졌어요 – The computer has become fast.
한국어 공부가 재미있어졌어요 – Studying Korean has become fun
내일 다시 추워질 거예요 – It will become cold again tomorrow

~아/어지고 싶다 – I want to be

나는 행복해지고 싶어 – I want to become happy (I want to be happy)
나는 예뻐지고 싶어 – I want to become pretty (I want to be pretty)

with an ACTION verb, this forms the passive

자르다 – to cut —> 잘라지다 – to be cut
주다 – to give —> 주어지다 – to be given

달라지다 = to change, to become different (다르다)
여기 많이 달라졌어요 = This place has changed a lot.
뭔가 달라진 것 같아요 = I feel like something has changed.

좋아지다 = to get better, to improve, to be enhanced, to start to like
이 가수가 좋아졌어요 = I started to like this singer
노래 실력이 좋아졌어요 = My singing skills have improved.

많아지다 = to increase
한국으로 여행 오는 사람들이 많아졌어요 = The (number of) people who come to Korea for traveling have increased.
학생이 많아졌어요 = The students have increase

없어지다 = to disappear
제 핸드폰이 없어졌어요 = My cellphone has disappeared
아까 여기 있었는데 없어졌어요 = It was here earlier but it disappeared.

~(으)ㄹ 때, ~했을 때 – when, while

그분이 떠날 때, 같이 갑시다 – When he leaves, let’s go together.
날씨가 좋을 때, 여행을 가겠습니다 – When the weather is good,
I will take a trip.
제가 한국에 갔을 때, 날씨가 아주 추웠어요 – When I went to Korea, it was very cold.
제가 학교에 갔을 때, 김선생님은 안 계셨어요 – When I went to school,
Mr. Kim was not there.내
가 중학생이었을 때, 그곳에 갔어요 – When I was a middle school student,
I went there.

바쁘지 않을 때 전화해 – When you aren’t busy, call me then.
한국에 갈 때 김치 먹어야 돼 – When you go to Korea, you have to eat kimchi.
시간이 있을 때 이 책을 읽어 봐 – When you have time, try reading this book.

~(으)ㄹ 땐, 때는 – usually, past tense used to

저는 학교 갈때는 항상 자전거를 타고 가요 – I usually ride a bike when I go to school
한국에 있을 때는 외식을 많이 했지만, 일본에서는 집에서 자주 밥을 만들어 먹어요 – I used to eat out frequently in Korea but in Japan, I usually make my own meal at home.”

~(으)ㄹ 때면 – when, whenever, by the time

공주가 울 때면 왕은 농담을 했다 – When the princess cried, the king teased her.
진달래꽃이 필 때면 고향을 생각한다 – Whenever azaleas bloom, I think of my hometown.
내년에 다시 만날 때면 너는 대학생이 되어 있겠지? – By the time I see you again, you will be a college student right?

~(으)ㄹ 때가

학교에 갈 때가 되었어요 – It’s time to go to school. (lit. The time that we go to school came)
어머니 집에 있을때가 공부하기에는 더 편해요 – It is easier to study when I am at my mother’s house.

~(으)ㄹ 때마다

한국에 올 때마다 한국 음식을 먹어요 – Whenever I come to Korea, I eat Korean food.

~(으)ㄹ 때부터 – from when

이 일은 시작할 때부터 끝날 때까지 기분이 좋았어요 – From the time that I began this work, to the time that I finished, I felt good.

~(으)ㄹ 때까지 – until, until the time

제가 죽을 때까지 당신을 사랑할 거에요 = I will love you until I die,
제가 도착할 때까지 기다리면 안 돼요? = Could you wait for me until I arrive?

–을/를, –에, –도

~(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요 – it can’t be, it’s impossible, i don’t believe it

리 – reason, logic
~(으)ㄹ 리가 없어요 – there is no reason that, there is no logic behind that
~았/었/였 을 리가 없어요

그렇다 – to be so
그럴 리가 없어요! – it can’t be so! that’s impossible!
눈이 올 리가 없어요 – it can’t be snowing
모를 리가 없어요 – he can’t not know! it’s impossible she doesn’t know!
정말요? 그럴 리가 없어요 – Really? That can’t be true!
효진 씨가 안 왔을 리가 없어요 – It’s impossible that Hyojin didn’t come, No way that Hyojin is not here yet
경은 씨가 노래를 할 리가 없어요 – No way that Kyeong-eun is going to sing
안 추울 리가 없어요. 지금 1월이에요 – It’s impossible that it is not cold. It’s January now
이상하네요. 안 될 리가 없어요 – It’s strange. It can’t not work

갔을 리가 없어요 – No way that he/she went.
있었을 리가 없어요 – It’s impossible that there was

내일이 일요일일 리가 없어요 – No way that tomorrow is Sunday

~는 것 – verb into noun

–는 것/거 (present)
-(으)ㄴ 것 (past)
-(으)ㄹ 것 (future)

(verb~ing / the act of verb~ing / thing that you do, did, will do)

먹은 것 = thing you ate
먹는 것 = thing you eat, eating, the act of eating
먹을 것 = thing you will eat

산 것 = thing you bought
사는 것 = thing that you buy, buying, the act of buying
살 것 = thing you will buy

지금 듣는 거는 노래예요 = What I am listening to now is a song.
오늘 만나는 것 알아요? = Do you know that we are meeting today?
매운 것 잘 먹어요? = Are you good at eating spicy foods?
제 취미는 영화 보는 거예요? = my hobby is watching movies.
요즘 공부하는 거는 뭐예요? = what is it that you are studying recently?
저는 친구랑 수다떠는 거를 좋아해요 = I like chitchatting with my friends.

in speaking, 는 것 = 는 거, 는 것은 = 는 건, 는 것이 = 는 게, 는 것을 = 는 걸

~을수록 – the more (A) the more (B)

verb stem + ~(으)ㄹ수록

갈수록 – the more you go, the more..
예쁠수록 – the prettier it is, the more..
비쌀수록 – the more expensive it is, the more..
이상할수록 – the stranger it is, the more..
바쁠수록 – the busier you are, the more..

sometimes use ~(으)면 and repeat the same verb in front of the “-을수록” part.
바쁠수록 – 바쁘면 바쁠수록
좋을수록 – 좋으면 좋을수록

맛있을수록 잘 팔려요 – The more delicious it is, the better it sells.
바쁠수록 건강이 중요해요 – The busier you are, the more important your health is
사람이 많을수록 좋아요 – The more people there are, the better.
많으면 많을수록 좋아요 – The more, the better
싸면 쌀수록 많이 살 수 있어요 – the cheaper it is, the more you can buy it
친구는 (많으면) 많을수록 좋아요 – when it comes to friends, the more you have, the better.
(비싸면) 비쌀수록 잘 팔려요 – the more expensive it is, the better it sells
재미있는 사람일수록 곻아요 – the more interesting a person is, the better

can also express “Even more so, especially when..”, “Especially if..“ or “Particularly when..”

바쁠수록 잠을 많이 자야 돼요 – (lit.) The busier you are, the more you need to sleep – You need to sleep even better especially when you are busy.
학생일수록 책을 많이 읽어야 돼요 – especially when you’re a student, you need to read a lot of books.

갈수록 – as time goes by, more and more in time.

갈수록 추워요 – it keeps getting colder

사브린 씨는 갈수록 한국어를 잘 해요 – Sabrin keeps getting better at her Korean

sometimes use ~(으)면 and repeat the same verb in front of the “-을수록” part.
바쁠수록 – 바쁘면 바쁠수록
좋을수록 – 좋으면 좋을수록

~(으)ㄹ 수 밖에 없다 – have no choice but to, can only

또 이야기할 수밖에 없어요 – I have no choice except to talk to them again.
갈 수밖에 없어요 – There’s no choice but to go.
늦게 올 거라고 해서 우리는 기다릴 수밖에 없다 – He said he’ll be late, so we have no choice but to wait for him.
어제 술을 많이 마셔서, 오늘 피곤할 수 밖에 없어요 – He drank a lot yesterday, so he’s bound to be tired today.
미안하지만 이렇게 할 수 밖에 없어요 – I am sorry but there is no other choice for me but to do it this way.
그럴 수 밖에 없어요 – That can’t be helped

obviously, of course it’s… (especially with descriptive verbs)

걱정이 될 수밖에 없어요 – Obviously I’m going to be worried.
어제 술을 많이 마셔서, 오늘 피곤할 수밖에 없어요 – She drank a lot yesterday, so of course she’s going to be tired today.
살이 쪘으니 웃이 작을 수밖에 없다 – I gained weight, so of course these clothes are going to be too small for me.

can also be ~는 수 밖에 없다 with action verbs

싫지만 치과에 가는 수밖에 없다
싫지만 치과에 갈 수밖에 없다 – I don’t want to, but I have no choice but to go to the dentist.

Progressive tenses

-고 있다 = to be -ing
-고 있어요 = am/are/is -ing
-고 있었어요 = was/were -ing
-고 있을 거에요 = will be -ing

지금 뭐 하고 있어요? = what are you doing now?
공보하고 있어요 = I am studying

지금 뭐 해요?
공부해요.

~(으)ㄹ래요

Expresses the will or intention of the speaker. Asks for the thoughts or intentions of the listener, (to elders, add honorific 시 (실래요)

할아버지, 가실래요? – would you like to go, grandpa?
나는 이제 잘래 – I’m going to sleep now.
뭐 먹을래? – what are you going to have?
나는 비빔밥 먹을래 – I’ll have bibimbap.
난 그 사람 다시 안 만날래 – I’m not going to meet that person again.
우리 저녁 먹으러 가는데, 너도 갈래? – we are going to go for dinner, will you join us?
아니, 난 안갈래 – no, I’m not going.
내일 영화를 보러 갈래요? – do you want to go see a movie tomorrow?
우리 집에 놀러 올래? – do you want to come hang out at my house?
같이 갈래요? – would you like to go together?
집에 갈래요 – I want to go home / I’m going to go home.
혼자 할래요 – I’ll do it alone / I want to do it alone.
저는 안 갈래요 – I don’t want to go / I’m not going to go
뭐 마실래요? – What do you want to drink? What are you going to drink?
커피 마실래요, 차 마실래요? – Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
이거 볼래? – Do you want to see this?
언제 만날래? – When do you want to meet?