~(으)려나 보다 – i assume, looks like, seems

~(으)려고 하다 – planning to, intending to + 나 보다 – it seems, i guess
similar to -(으)ㄹ 것 같다 but not as strong/certain because you’re guessing about someone’s plan or intention

닫으려나 봐요 = I guess they are going to close it/It looks like they want to close i
닫을 것 같아요 = I think they will close it.
걸어가려나 봐요 = It looks like he is going to walk there
걸어갈 것 같아요 = I think he will walk there.

카페 문을 닫으려나 봐요 = It looks like they are going to close the cafe.
지금 시작하려나 봐요 = It looks like they are going to start now.
다 같이 들어오려나 봐요 = I guess they are all going to come in together.

가족하고 여행을 가려나 봐요 = It looks like she’s planning to go on a trip with her family
내일도 날씨가 추우려나 봐요 = It looks like the weather is going to be cold again tomorrow

~(으)려나? – I wonder (talking to self)

비가 올려나? = I wonder if it will rain.
오늘도 늦으려나? = I wonder if he’ll be late again today.
언제쯤 고향에 갈 수 있을려나? = I wonder when I can visit my home town.

~(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) – worried, so…, in case

비가 올까 봐 우선을 가져왔어요 = I am worried that it will rain, so I brought an umbrella
저의 여자 친구가 슬플까 봐 그녀를 위해 꽃을 샀어요 = I am worried that my girlfriend will be sad so I bought her flowers
그 것이 너무 비쌀까 봐 돈을 많이 가져왔어요 = I’m worried that it will be too expensive, so I brought more money
시험이 어려울까 봐 공부를 열심히 했어요 – I feared the test would be difficult, so I studied hard.
수업에 늦을까봐 일찍 일어났어요 – In the fear I would be late to case I got up early.
비가 올까 봐서 우산을 가지고 왔어요 – I brought an umbrella in case it rains.
나는 영화에서 약한남자로 보였을까 봐 헬스클럽에 가입하고 날마다 근육만들기 했어요 – I was afraid I’d look like a weak guy in the movie, so I joined a health club and worked out every day.
내 생각에 리자드맨은 나를 먹었을까 봐 내 몸을 독으로 씻었어요 – I was afraid the Lizard man was going to eat me, so I washed my body in poison.
이모가 내 멍을 봤을까 봐 내몸에 이모의 메이크업을 발랐어요 – I was afraid my aunt would see my bruises, so I applied her makeup to my body.

~ㄹ/을까 봐 걱정하다/되다 (to be worried)

시험을 잘 못 볼까 봐 걱정돼요 = I’m worried that I won’t do well on the exam
비가 올까 봐 걱정돼요 = I’m worried that it will rain
그녀가 나를 좋아하지 않을까 봐 걱정돼요 = I’m worried that she won’t like me

Worried about past tense action ~았/었을까 봐 걱정하다/되다

시험을 잘 못 봤을까 봐 걱정돼요 = I am worried that I didn’t do well on the exam
비가 왔을까 봐 걱정돼요 = I am worried that it rained
그녀가 나를 좋아하지 않았을까 봐 걱정돼요 = I am worried that she didn’t like me

Worried in the past ~~았/었을까 봐 걱정했다/됐다

시험을 잘 못 봤을까 봐 걱정되었어요 = I was worried that I didn’t do well on the exam
비가 왔을까 봐 걱정되었어요 = I was worried that it rained
그녀가 나를 좋아하지 않았을까 봐 걱정되었어요 = I was worried that she didn’t like me

~고 해서 – one of the reasons, because of this (amongst other things)
A/V~기도 하고 해서
N도 V~고 해서
N도 A/V~고 N도 A/V~고 해서
A/V~기도 하고 A/V~기도 해서

States primary reason whilst indicating there are also other reason.

시간이 없고 해서 못 가요 – don’t have time (amongst other reasons), so I can’t go.
한국 남자친구가 있고 해서 한국어를 배워요 – Amongst other reasons, I have a Korean boyfriend, so I’m learning Korean.
몸에 안 좋고 해서 담배를 끊었어요 – For one thing, it’s bad for the body, so I quit smoking

~게 되다 – eventually start to, get to, end up doing

~게 – in such a way that, so that
~되다 – to become

USAGE: When you end up doing something you don’t want to.
When you didn’t intend or expect to do something.
Will eventually do something whether or not they want to.

안 먹고 싶어요. 그런데 먹게 돼요 – I don’t want to eat it, but I keep eating it anyway.

지난 주에 영화를 보게 됐어요 – I wasn’t planning to in the first place, but I got to see a movie last week.

다 사게 됐어요 – I ended up buying everything

다시 학교에 다니게 됐어요 – (Things have happened so that) now I can go back to (going to) school.
어떻게 여기에 오게 됐어요? – How did you get to come here?

만나게 되면 말해 주세요 – If you get to meet him, tell me

그렇게 하게 될 거예요 – You will eventually end up doing it that way

내일 알게 될 거예요 – You will find out tomorrow

반말

~(이)야 – 이다

벌써 겨울이야 – It’s already winter
우리 개는 푸들이야 – My dog is a poodle
브래드 피트는 내가 가장 좋아하는 배우야 – Brad Pitt is my favourite actor
오늘이 내 생일이야 – Today is my birthday.
그 사람은 변태가 아니야 – He is not a pervert.
그건 물이 아니야 – That is not water.

A/V: ~(으)ㄹ 거야 – 이다

나는 다음 주에 이사할 거야 – I’m going to move next week.
나는 이따가 운동을 할 거야 – I’m going to go exercise later.
크리스는 7시쯤 도착할 거야 – Chris is arriving about 7.
나 남자친구랑 헤어질 거야 – I’m going to break up with my boyfriend.
정말 보고싶을 거야 – I’m really gonna miss you.
나 이제 담배 끊을 거야 – I’ll quit smoking
내일은 차가 생길 거야 – Tomorrow I’ll have a car.
그분이 내년에 선생님이 될 거야 – Next year, he will become a teacher.
얘가 네 동생이야? – Is this kid your younger sister/brother?
전화 할 거야? – Will you call?

A./V. ~니? – interrogative

밥을 먹었니? – Did you eat?
한국에서 전화하니? – Are you calling from Korea?
지금 시간 좀 있니? – Do you have time right now?
편지 썼니? – Did you write the letter?
그게 숙제였니? – Was it the homework?
전화 할 거니? – Will you call?

V ~아/어라 – command, imperative only to younger people

빨리 가라! – Go fast!
그렇게 해라! – Do it like that

Interrogatives

Action V. ~나요?

무엇을 준비해야 하나요? – What should we bring?
받아쓰기 시험도 보나요? – Is there a dictation test too?
당신은 영어를 가르치나요? – Do you teach English?
토요일에 학교를 가나요? – Do you go to school at saturday?
한국말 하나요? – Do you speak Korean?
이 삼계탕은 어떻게 먹나요? – How do I eat this Samgeotang?
운동하나요? – Do you work out?

N. ~인가요?

그 사람은 의사인가요? – Is he a doctor?
그것은 커피인가요? – Is that coffee?
이것이 당신의 차인가요? – Is this your car?
그 사람은 외국인인가요? – Is he a foreigner?
걔들은 학생인가요? – Are they students?

Descriptive V. ~(으)ㄴ가요

배가 고픈가요? – Are you hungry?
오늘 날씨가 흐린가요? – Is it cloudy today?
떡볶이는 매운가요? – Is Teokbokki spicy?
방이 얼마나 넓은가요? – How large is the room?
그 영화는 슬픈가요? – Is the movie sad?

A./V. ~니?

It seems, I think, I guess, it looks like, appears that

(Usually used when you infer the possible cause of a situation)

~나 보다 – i guess, i assume, i suppose, it seems

~나 봐요 (Action verb) and past tense descriptives
~었/았나 봐(요) – past
~ㄹ/을 건가 봐요 – future

있다 and 없다 are considered action verbs.

그만큼 사랑하나봐 – It seems that I loved you that much.
그만큼 기다리나봐 – It seems that I waited for you this much
모르나 봐요 – I guess they don’t know.
내맘은 변치 안나봐 – It seems my heart won’t change.
없었나 봐요 – I guess it wasn’t there
재미있었나 봐요 – I guess it was fun

머리 깎으셨나 봐요? – It seems that you got a hair cut.
효진 씨는 아직 모르나 봐요 – I guess Hyojin still doesn’t know
또 비가 오나 봐요 – I guess it’s raining again
어제 재미있었나 봐요 – I guess it was fun yesterday / I assume you had a good time yesterday
아무도 없나 봐요 – I guess there’s no one there.

~ㄴ/은가 봐요 (Descriptive verb or 이다)

예쁜가 보다 – I guess it’s pretty
비싼가 보다 – I guess it’s expensive
작은가 보다 – I guess it’s small
사랑은 하나 인가봐 – It seems there is one love.

오늘 날씨가 더운가 봐요 – It seems that the weather is hot today.
학생이 많은가 봐요 – I guess there are a lot of students
요즘 바쁜가 봐요 – I guess he’s busy these days
아이들이 졸린가 봐요 – I guess the kids are sleepy.
(그래요 – It is so) 그런가 봐요 – I guess so.
이쪽이 더 빠른가 봐요 – I guess this way is faster.

exceptions
작다 – 작은가 보다 / 작나 보다
맵다 – 매운가 보다 / 맵나 보다

past tense ~았/었/였나 봐요

학생이 많았나 봐요 – I guess there were a lot of students.
바빴나 봐요 – I guess he was busy.

것 + 같다 – it seems that.. i think that..

~(으)ㄴ 것 같다 (Past tense)
~는 것 같다 (Present tense)
~(으)ㄹ 것 같다 (Future tense)

벌써 한 것 같아요 – I think (they/he/she/I/you) already did it.
지금 하는 것 같아요 – I think (someone) does/is doing it now.
내일 할 것 같아요 – I think (someone) will do it tomorrow.

내일 비 올 것 같아요 – I think it will rain tomorrow.
이게 더 좋은 것 같아요 – I think this is better.
이거 뭐인 것 같아요? – What do you think this is?
누가 한 것 같아요? – Who do you think did it?
곧 도착할 것 같아요 – I think I’ll arrive soon

~네요 – expresses impression, thought, surprise

맛있네요 – it’s delicious (impressed or surprised)
크네요 – it’s big! (surprise)
잘 어울리네요 – it looks good on you! (impressed)
여기 있네요! – oh, here it is!
이 드라마 재미있네요 – I find this drama fun to watch!
별로 안 춥네요 – well, it’s not that cold.
아무도 안 왔네요 – oh, look. Nobody is here yet.
벌써 11월이네요 – it’s already november!

Imperatives

Positive: -(으)세요

오다 – to come
오세요 – please come
쉬세요 – please rest
고르세요 – please choose
접으세요 – please fold it
내일 세 시에 오세요 – please come here at 3 o’clock tomorrow.
공부하세요 – study! do your studies!
경은 씨, 빨리 일하세요 – 경은, hurry and get some work done!
경은 씨, 쉬세요 – 경은, please get some rest.
이거 저한테 파세요 – please sell this to me.
조심하세요 – be careful!
우리 오세요 – please come here

Negative: –지마(세)요

말다 – to quit doing, to not do, to stop doing
마세요 – stop it, don’t do it

가지 마요! – don’t go!
이 책은 읽지 마요 – don’t read this book
장난 하지 마세요! – please don’t fool around!
먹지 마세요 – don’t eat it
경은 씨한테 말하지 마세요 – please don’t tell 경은
아직 보내지 마세요. 아직 다 안 썼어요 – don’t send it yet. I haven’t finished writing it.

If verb stem ends in ㄹ drop it
팔다 = to sell
파세요 = please sell it

fixed expressions
어서오세요. – (lit. Come quickly) Welcome.
안녕히 가세요. – (lit. Go peacefully) Good-bye.
안녕히 계세요. – (lit. Stay peacefully) Good-bye.
안녕히 주무세요. – (lit. Sleep peacefully) Good night.

Please do it for me

~아/어/여 주세요 gives the nuance of asking for a favour or asking someone to do something “for you”.

오세요. = Please come.
와 주세요. = Please do me a favor and come.
하세요. = Do it.
해 주세요. = Please do me a favor and do it for me.
아이스크림 사세요 = Buy ice cream
아이스크림 사 주세요 = please buy me ice cream
저를 도와 주세요 = please help me
가르치다 = to teach
가르치세요 = Teach. / Please teach. (to whom is unknown)
가르쳐 주세요 = Please teach me.
경은 씨한테 가르쳐 주세요 = Please teach 경은 (how to do that).
보다 = to see
보세요 = See it. / Please see it.
봐 주세요. = Please see it, and I’d appreciate it. / Please be kind and see it.

영어를 배우고 있어요. 도와 주세요. = I’m learning English. Please help me.
도와 줄 수 있어요? = Can you help me?
배 고파요. 김밥 사 주세요. = I’m hungry. Buy me some kimbap.
무서워요. 같이 가 주세요. = I’m scared. Please go with me

~아/어/여 주실래요(/줄래)? – do you mind doing…?

조금 기다려 주실래요? = Do you mind waiting for a bit?
한 번 더 설명해 주실래요? = Do you mind explaining one more time?

conjugation negation

안 (verb
(verb) 지 않다, 지 않았다
하다 verb – (noun) 안하다

집에 안가요 – I’m not going home.
가지 않다 – To not go
가지 않어요 – I’m not going
가지 않았어요 – I didn’t go
어제 공부 안했어 – i didn’t study yesterday