~(으)ㄴ/는지, ~느냐, ~는가

“In Korean language, interrogative clauses using the final endings “-ㄴ가, -은가, -는가” or “-느냐, -으냐, -냐”, and indirect quote clauses using connective ending “-ㄴ지, -은지, -는지, -ㄹ지, -을지, -을는지” can be used as a noun.

For example,

얘야, 이 바지를 입어 보고 잘 맞는지(를) 보거라.
얘야, 이 바지를 입어 보고 잘 맞는가(를) 보거라.

These are very similar to the structure and function of interrogative clauses(wh-clauses, if-whether clauses, etc) in English.

Because they function as nouns, they can be used as either subject or object or complement. So, they can be followed by the particles, like “-은, -는, -이, -가, -를, -도, etc”.

However, you should remember that “-는지” is a connective ending and “-는가” is a sentence final ending.

1.라디오헤드가 ‘Creep’ 이후 왜 21세기의 핑크플로이드가 되어가는가?
2.(라디오헤드가 ‘Creep’ 이후 왜 21세기의 핑크 플로이드가 되어가는가)를 떠올리면 (이것과) 비슷하다.

1. 자신들이 어떻게 느끼는가?
2.예술가들은 여러 색을 써서 (자신들이 어떻게 느끼는가)를 보여준다.
예술가들은 여러 색을 써서 (자신들이 어떻게 느끼는지)를 보여준다.

1.가족이 얼마나 중대한가?
2.이 장은 (가족이 얼마나 중대한가)를 나에게 설명해준다.
이 장은 (가족이 얼마나 중대한지)를 나에게 설명해준다.”

우리가 내일 언제 가는지에 따라서…
우리가 내일 언제 가는가에 따라서…
우리가 내일 언제 가느냐에 따라서..

uniquehyozzang-hyogenie:

어느새 익숙해져버린, #기다림 #typo #typography #font #fontlab #lettering #illust #illustrator #illustration #graphic #graphicdesign #design #폰트 #글꼴 #서체 #레터링 #그래픽 #그래픽디자인 #디자인 #일러스트 #일러스트레이션 #타이포 #타이포그라피 #타이포그래피 #한글 #hangul

~(으)ㅁ = clause or sentence into noun group

(~다는/라는 것 is much more common,

~(으)ㅁ is very formal and mostly used in official documents and formal situations)

오늘이 제 생일임을 (생일이라는 것을)

아무도 몰랐어요.= Nobody knew that today was my birthday.
그 사람이 한국 사람임을

(한국 사람이라는 것을) 저는 알고 있었어요 = I knew that he was Korean.

(used instead of

~기 when before certain verbs, usually when it is about a fact or whether something is right or wrong)

그 사람은 자신이 무죄임을 주장했어요 = He claimed that he was innocent (his own innocence)
무죄임을 증명했어요 = I proved that I am innocent (my innocence)

Noun ~(이)라는 것 = the thing called ____ is, what I call ___ is, (I think that)

평화라는 것은… = (I think that) Peace is…
우정이라는 것은… = (In my opinion, the nature of) Friendship is…

Verb ~(ㄴ/는)다는 것 = the act of ___, the thing that is called ____ used to express what you think the definition or the nature of a certain action/state/verb

배운다는 것은 언제나 즐거운 일이에요 = Learning is always a pleasant thing to do.
외국에 산다는 것은 가끔 힘들 때도 있어요. = The nature of living overseas is that there are sometimes hard times.
혼자 공부한다는 것은 생각만큼 쉽지 않아요 = Studying alone is not as easy as you think.
주말에도 회사에 가야 한다는 건 정말 슬픈 일이에요 = Having to go to work on the weekend is so sad.
아이를 키운다는 건 참 힘든 일이에요 = Raising a child is very tough.
한국에서 유명한 가수가 된다는 건 정말 어려운 일이에요 = Becoming a famous singer in Korea is a very difficult thing.
장학금을 받는다는 것은 정말 대단한 일이에요 = Receiving scholarship is (an) amazing (achievement)

Verbs into adjectives (noun groups)

제가 보는 책이에요 = It’s a book that I’m reading
제가 본 책이에요 = It’s a book that I’ve read
제가 볼 책이에요 = It’s a book that I will read

요즘 공부하는 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I am studying these days.
어제 공부한 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I studied yesterday.
내일 공부할 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I will study tomorrow

verb ~(으)ㄹ + noun = future tense

읽을 책 = a book that (someone) will read, a book to read
초대할 사람 = a person that (someone) will invite, a person to invite
보낼 편지 = a letter that (someone) will send, a letter to send

먹을 것 = something to eat (food)
탈 것 = something to ride (vehicles)

마실 것 = something to drink (beverages)

내일 할 일이 많아요 = tomorrow there is a lot of work for me to do
지금은 할 이야기가 없어요 = Right now, I have nothing to say
냉장고에 먹을 것이 전혀 없어요 = In the refrigerator, there isn’t anything to eat at all

~(으)ㄹ 것 이에요 = ~(으)ㄹ 것이에요 = ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 (it is a thing to do.)

이거 누가 먹을 거예요? = Who will eat this? (This thing, it is something that WHO will eat?)

~(으)ㄴ + noun – past tense

어제 본 영화 = the movie that I saw yesterday
어제 온 사람들 = the people who came here yesterday
친구가 말한 카페 = the cafe that a friend talked about

~기 – verb into noun

하다 > 하기 = doing
가다 > 가기 = going
살다 > 살기 = living
쓰다 > 쓰기 = writing
읽다 > 읽기 = reading
먹다 > 먹기 = eating
보다 > 보기 = watching/ looking

비 오는 날에 학교 가기는 쉽지 않아요 – It’s not easy going to school on a rainy day.
재범은 아이스크림 먹기를 정말 좋아한다 – Jae Beom really likes eating ice cream
TV 보기를 그쳐 주세요 – Please stop watching the TV.

~긴 – topic
~게 – subject
~길 – object

~기에, ~기가 – FOR doing something, DOING something is

~기(가/에) 편리하다 = convenient to + V / convenient for + V-ing
~기(가/에) 좋다 = good to + V / good for + V-ing

~기(가/에) 불편하다 = inconvenient to + V / inconvenient for + V-ing

제 이름은 발음하기(가) 어려워요 = My name is difficult to pronounce.

이건 만들기(가) 어려워요 = This is difficult to make

이건 어린이가 사용하기(에) 어려워요 = This is difficult for a child to use.

~는 것 – verb into noun

–는 것/거 (present)
-(으)ㄴ 것 (past)
-(으)ㄹ 것 (future)

(verb~ing / the act of verb~ing / thing that you do, did, will do)

먹은 것 = thing you ate
먹는 것 = thing you eat, eating, the act of eating
먹을 것 = thing you will eat

산 것 = thing you bought
사는 것 = thing that you buy, buying, the act of buying
살 것 = thing you will buy

지금 듣는 거는 노래예요 = What I am listening to now is a song.
오늘 만나는 것 알아요? = Do you know that we are meeting today?
매운 것 잘 먹어요? = Are you good at eating spicy foods?
제 취미는 영화 보는 거예요? = my hobby is watching movies.
요즘 공부하는 거는 뭐예요? = what is it that you are studying recently?
저는 친구랑 수다떠는 거를 좋아해요 = I like chitchatting with my friends.

in speaking, 는 것 = 는 거, 는 것은 = 는 건, 는 것이 = 는 게, 는 것을 = 는 걸

~(으)ㅁ – verbs/adjectives into nouns

Addingㅁ/음 to verbs or adjectives to turn them into noun.

싸우다 – to fight -> 싸움 – a fight
꾸다 – to dream -> 꿈 – a dream
아프다 – to be sore/sick -> 아픔 – pain
기쁘다 – to be happy/glad -> 기쁨 – happiness/gladness
돕다 – to help -> 도움 – help
느끼다 – to feel -> 느낌 – a feeling

나는 형이랑 싸움에서 이겼어 – I won in a fight with my brother
나는 아빠의 죽음을 잊지 않았어 – I didn’t forget the death of my father
봄이 왔어요 – spring came -> 봄이 왔음을 알아요 – know that the spring came
만남과 헤어짐을 생각해요 – I think about meeting and and separating
우리 아픔이 절대로 깨닫혀요 – Our pain is absolutely realized.