~도록 – until (a result), to the point where, to the extent that,

배가 터지도록 먹었어요 = I ate until my stomach burst.
자기야, 미치도록 보고싶어 – Baby, I miss you so much that I’m crazy.
영희는 목이 쉬도록 소리를 질렀어요 = Younghee screamed until her throat became hoarse.
철수는 온 몸이 빨개지도록 술을 마셨어요 = Chulsoo drank until his entire body turned red/blushed.
우리는 발이 아프도록 걸어 다녔어요 = We walked around to the extent that our feet started hurting
군인들은 눈을 감고 총을 쏠 수 있도록 훈련을 받았다 = The soldiers trained until that they could shoot guns with their eyes closed
제가 짜장면을 질리도록 먹었어요 = I ate 짜장면 to until I was sick of it

So that, in a way that

사람들이 지나가도록 비켜 주세요 = Please step aside so that people can pass through.
제가 이해할 수 있도록 설명해 주세요 = Please explain so that I can understand.
춥지 않도록 두꺼운 옷을 입으세요 = Please wear warm clothes so that you’re not cold.
다 들리도록 이야기해 주세요 = Please talk in a way that everyone can hear you.
제가 볼 수 있도록 놓아 주세요 = Please put it in a way that I can see it

~도록 하다 – try to make, have someone do

이틀 내에 고쳐 드리도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to repair it within two days.
이틀 내에 누가 고쳐 드리도록 하지요 = I’ll have someone repair it in two days.
전기를 아껴 쓰도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to save electricity.
사원이 제품들을 전시하도록 했습니다 = I had an employee display the items.
설명서를 다 읽도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to read all the instructions.
학생들이 설명서를 읽도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to have the students read the instructions.

Time adverbs

동안 – during, for

여름방학 동안 – during summer vacation
침묵이 한참 동안 계속되었다 – The silence continued for a long time.
제가 얼마 동안 입원해야 하나요? – How long do I have to stay in the hospital?
얼마 동안 – how long
저 없는 동안 우리 아이 좀 봐 주세요 – Please take care of my child while I’m gone[out]

아직 – still or not yet

아직 10시예요 – it’s still 10o’clock
아직 안 했어요 – I haven’t done it yet
아직 아침이에요 – it’s still morning
아직 몰라요 – I don’t know yet

아직도 for emphasis ((also) still happening)

아직도 몰라요? – You still don’t know?
아직도 안 왔어요? – He’s not here yet?
네, 아직도 안 왔어요. – No, he’s still not here.

벌써, 이미 – already

벌써 세 시에요 – it’s already 3 o’clock
세 시에요, 벌써 – it’s 3 o’clock, already
벌써 왔어요? – oh, you’re already here?
벌써 끝났어요? – is it already over? did it already finish?

use 이미 when you are already aware of and talking about something. use 벌써 when you are just finding out about something

그 사람은 이미 하교를 졸업했어요. – he already graduated from school. (you have both known about this fact for a long time prior to the conversation.
그 사람은 벌써 하교를 졸업했어요 – (you have found it out recently, or you know about and the other person doesn’t)

다시 – again

다시 한 번 해 볼게요 – I’ll try once more
다시는 거기에 안 갈 거야 – I’ll never go there again.
다시 한 번 말씀해 주시겠어요? – Would you please repeat that?

또 – again, once more

나중에 또 봐요 – I’ll see you again later
또 시험에 떨어졌어요 – I failed the test again.

미리 – beforehand, in advance, ahead of time

미리 계획을 세우다 – plan ahead
미리 계획을 세우다 – plan in advance
미리 알려 주다 – let know beforehand
늦어지면 미리 연락해 주세요 – Call ahead if you’re delayed.
당신에게 미리 얘기를 못했어요 – I didn’t get a chance to tell you earlier

먼저 – first, earlier, before, beforehand, in advance

먼저 가십시오 – Please go first.
내가 그보다 먼저 왔다 – I came earlier than he did.
저 먼저 씻어도 될까요? – Can I wash up first?

쯤 – approximately, about, around

한 시쯤 – around 1 o’clock
천 원쯤 – about 1,000 won
한 달쯤 – approximately one month
4킬로미터 쯤 – about 4km

정도, 약

한 달 정도 – about a month
약 한 달 – about a month
약 한 달쯤 – about a month
약 한 달 정도 – about a month

100명쯤 왔어요 – about 100 people came
독일에서 2년쯤 살았어요 – I lived in germany for about two years.
언제쯤 갈 거예요? – approximately when are you going to go?
내일 몇 시쯤 만날까요? – around what time shall we meet tomorrow? 다섯 시쯤 어때요? – how about around 5 o’clock?

~(으)ㄹ 때, ~했을 때 – when, while

그분이 떠날 때, 같이 갑시다 – When he leaves, let’s go together.
날씨가 좋을 때, 여행을 가겠습니다 – When the weather is good,
I will take a trip.
제가 한국에 갔을 때, 날씨가 아주 추웠어요 – When I went to Korea, it was very cold.
제가 학교에 갔을 때, 김선생님은 안 계셨어요 – When I went to school,
Mr. Kim was not there.내
가 중학생이었을 때, 그곳에 갔어요 – When I was a middle school student,
I went there.

바쁘지 않을 때 전화해 – When you aren’t busy, call me then.
한국에 갈 때 김치 먹어야 돼 – When you go to Korea, you have to eat kimchi.
시간이 있을 때 이 책을 읽어 봐 – When you have time, try reading this book.

~(으)ㄹ 땐, 때는 – usually, past tense used to

저는 학교 갈때는 항상 자전거를 타고 가요 – I usually ride a bike when I go to school
한국에 있을 때는 외식을 많이 했지만, 일본에서는 집에서 자주 밥을 만들어 먹어요 – I used to eat out frequently in Korea but in Japan, I usually make my own meal at home.”

~(으)ㄹ 때면 – when, whenever, by the time

공주가 울 때면 왕은 농담을 했다 – When the princess cried, the king teased her.
진달래꽃이 필 때면 고향을 생각한다 – Whenever azaleas bloom, I think of my hometown.
내년에 다시 만날 때면 너는 대학생이 되어 있겠지? – By the time I see you again, you will be a college student right?

~(으)ㄹ 때가

학교에 갈 때가 되었어요 – It’s time to go to school. (lit. The time that we go to school came)
어머니 집에 있을때가 공부하기에는 더 편해요 – It is easier to study when I am at my mother’s house.

~(으)ㄹ 때마다

한국에 올 때마다 한국 음식을 먹어요 – Whenever I come to Korea, I eat Korean food.

~(으)ㄹ 때부터 – from when

이 일은 시작할 때부터 끝날 때까지 기분이 좋았어요 – From the time that I began this work, to the time that I finished, I felt good.

~(으)ㄹ 때까지 – until, until the time

제가 죽을 때까지 당신을 사랑할 거에요 = I will love you until I die,
제가 도착할 때까지 기다리면 안 돼요? = Could you wait for me until I arrive?

–을/를, –에, –도