~더니 = When you have observed two things, connected by time and sometimes emphasising contrast. (then, when, since, and, but, whereupon)

(combination of A/V + 더 and A/V + (으)니)

수잔이 한국에 가더니 소식이 없네 = Since Susan went to Korea, there has been no news.
인류학을 공부하더니 지금은 사회학을 공부한다 = She was studying anthropology, and now he has changed to sociology.
지난 겨울에는 눈이 별로 안 오더니 이번에는 많이 오네요 = It hardly snowed at all last winter, but this year it’s snowed a lot.

어제는 비가 오더니 오늘은 눈이 오네요.= It rained yesterday, but it’s snowing today.
경화 씨가 어제는 요가를 하더니, 오늘은 테니스를 하네요.= Kyung-hwa did yoga yesterday, and today she’s playing tennis.
제 컴퓨터가 느려지더니, 이제 안 켜져요.= My computer slowed down, and now it won’t even switch on.
석진 씨가 밖에 나가더니 갑자기 고양이를 데리고 왔어요.= Seokjin went outside, and then suddenly, he brought back a cat

~았/었더니 = Two observations are connected by cause and effect, sometimes when you realise that the second is a sign of the first happening

전화를 했더니 친구는 벌써 나가고 없었다 = I called, but my friend was already out.
밥을 많이 먹었더니 배가 아프다 = I ate too much and have a stomachache.
우리가 공부를 열심히 했더니 시험을 잘 봤어요 = Because we studied hard, we did well on the test.
오랜만에 고향에 갔더니 많은 것이 변해 있었어 = When I visited my hometown, a lot had changed.

경화 씨가 매일 글을 쓰더니 지난 달에 소설을 출간했어요.= Kyung-hwa wrote every day, and she published a novel last month.

~도록 – until (a result), to the point where, to the extent that,

배가 터지도록 먹었어요 = I ate until my stomach burst.
자기야, 미치도록 보고싶어 – Baby, I miss you so much that I’m crazy.
영희는 목이 쉬도록 소리를 질렀어요 = Younghee screamed until her throat became hoarse.
철수는 온 몸이 빨개지도록 술을 마셨어요 = Chulsoo drank until his entire body turned red/blushed.
우리는 발이 아프도록 걸어 다녔어요 = We walked around to the extent that our feet started hurting
군인들은 눈을 감고 총을 쏠 수 있도록 훈련을 받았다 = The soldiers trained until that they could shoot guns with their eyes closed
제가 짜장면을 질리도록 먹었어요 = I ate 짜장면 to until I was sick of it

So that, in a way that

사람들이 지나가도록 비켜 주세요 = Please step aside so that people can pass through.
제가 이해할 수 있도록 설명해 주세요 = Please explain so that I can understand.
춥지 않도록 두꺼운 옷을 입으세요 = Please wear warm clothes so that you’re not cold.
다 들리도록 이야기해 주세요 = Please talk in a way that everyone can hear you.
제가 볼 수 있도록 놓아 주세요 = Please put it in a way that I can see it

~도록 하다 – try to make, have someone do

이틀 내에 고쳐 드리도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to repair it within two days.
이틀 내에 누가 고쳐 드리도록 하지요 = I’ll have someone repair it in two days.
전기를 아껴 쓰도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to save electricity.
사원이 제품들을 전시하도록 했습니다 = I had an employee display the items.
설명서를 다 읽도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to read all the instructions.
학생들이 설명서를 읽도록 하겠습니다 = I’ll try to have the students read the instructions.

~고 해서 – one of the reasons, because of this (amongst other things)
A/V~기도 하고 해서
N도 V~고 해서
N도 A/V~고 N도 A/V~고 해서
A/V~기도 하고 A/V~기도 해서

States primary reason whilst indicating there are also other reason.

시간이 없고 해서 못 가요 – don’t have time (amongst other reasons), so I can’t go.
한국 남자친구가 있고 해서 한국어를 배워요 – Amongst other reasons, I have a Korean boyfriend, so I’m learning Korean.
몸에 안 좋고 해서 담배를 끊었어요 – For one thing, it’s bad for the body, so I quit smoking

V. ~(으)니까, (으)니 – since, because

Similar to ~아/어서. Often used in an interrogative or ‘let’s’ sentence.
Often used as an excuse for why something can’t be done.

지금 바쁘니까 나중에 전화해 주세요 = I am busy now so call me later
지금 피곤하니까 우리 영화 내일 봐요 = I am tired now so let’s watch the movie tomorrow
더우니까 에어컨 켤까요? = It’s hot, so shall we turn on the air conditioner?
냉장고에 불고기 있으니까 먹어. = There is some bulgogi in the refrigerator so eat it
내일 일요일이니까 내일 하세요. = Tomorrow is Sunday so do it tomorrow.

시간이 없으니까 빨리 가자 – Since we don’t have much time, let’s go quickly.
그 동안 열심히 공부했으니까 잘 할 거예요 – Since you have studied hard, you will do well.
택시는 비싸니까 지하철을 탈까요? – Since taxi fare is expensive, should we take the subway?
버스가 복잡하니까 택시를 타자! = Let’s take a taxi because the bus is so crowded!
너무 더우니까 시원한 것을 먹을래요? = Let’s eat something cool because it is so hot
밥이 없으니까 라면 먹자! = Let’s eat Ramen because there is no rice

약을 먹으니까 머리 아픈 게 없어졌다 – Because I took the medicine, I don’t have a headache.
학교에 가 야 되니까 지금 못 만나요 = I need to go to school, so I won’t be able to meet
그 셔츠를 사고 싶은데 돈이 없으니까 살 수 없어요 = Although I want to buy that, I have no money, so I cannot
어제 너무 바빴으니까 못 갔어요 = I couldn’t go yesterday because I was so busy
너를 좋아하지 않았으니까 헤어졌어 = I broke up with you because I didn’t like you

at the end of sentence when answering a question.
sounds informal, like talking back to someone
지금 만날 수 있어요? – Can you meet now?
아니요~ 못 만나요. 학교에 가 야 되니까요 – No, I can’t meet. because I have to go to school
그 것을 살 거 야? – Are you going to buy that?
아니요~ 못 사요. 돈이 없으니까요 – No, I can’t buy it. because I have no money
나랑 왜 헤어졌어? = Why did you break up with me?
Person 2: 너를 좋아하지 않았으니까 = (I broke up with you)… because I didn’t like you

~(으)니 – because, giving background info

Similar to ~는데.

제가 고기를 안 좋아하니 안 먹을 거에요 = Because I don’t like meat, I’m not going to eat it
벌써 5시(이)니 우리가 빨리 가 야 돼요 = it is already 5, so we have to go quickly
밥이 다 됐으니 많이 드세요! = the rice is ready, so eat a lot!
빨래를 다 했으니 지금 자도 돼요 = I have finished the laundry, so I can go to bed now
제가 숙제를 다 했으니 이제 영화를 볼 수 있어요 = Now that I am finished my homework, I can see a movie
나는 요즘에 맨날 한식만 먹었는데, 친구를 만났으니 이탈리안 음식 먹자! = These days, I only eat Korean food every day, so now that I have met you, let’s eat Italian food!
처음에는 30살이 되면 나이가 많은 거라고 생각했는데 제가 30살이 되었으니 그렇게 생각하지 않아요 = At first I thought 30 years old was old, but since I am now 30, I don’t think that way

In that case, if so, then,

그러면, 그럼

그렇다 (to be so) + (으)면 (if, in case)

그러면 이거는 뭐해요? – then, what is this?
지금 바빠요? 그럼 언제 안바빠요? – you’re busy now? Then when are you not busy?
한국 음식 좋아해요? 그러면 김밥도 좋아해요? – do you like Korean food? Then do you like kimbab too?
진짜요? 그럼 이제 어떻게 해요? – really? Then what do we do now?
그럼 이거는 어때요? – then how about this one?

therefore, so

그래서

오늘은 비가왔어요 그래서 집에있었어요 – today it rained so I stayed at home.

~아/어/여서

먹어서 – eat 만들어서 – make 해서 – do 와서 – come

Reason + result 비가 오다 (it rains) + 못 가다 (can’t go)

비가 와서 못 가요 – It rains, so I can’t go
비가 와서 못 갔어요 – It rained, so I couldn’t go.
오늘은 바빠서 영화를 못 봐요. – Today I’m busy, so I can’t watch the movie.
만나서 반갑습니다 (/반가워요) – I met you, so I’m glad = It’s nice to meet you.
바빠서 너랑 얘기할 수 없어요 – I’m busy so I can’t talk
서울에 와서 좋아요 – I came to Seoul and I’m glad.
술을 너누 많이 마셔서 머리가 아파요 – I drank too much so my head is aching.
비가 와서 집에 있었어요 – It rained so I stayed at home.
요즘에 바빠서 친구들을 못 만나요 – These days I’m busy so I can’t meet my friends
한국어가 너무 재미있어서 매일공부하고 있어요 – korean is so much fun that I’m studying it everyday.

An action + another action that takes place afterwards 공원에 가다 (to go to the park) + 책을 읽다 (to read a book)

공원에 가서 책을 읽을 거예요 – I’m going to go to the park and read a book.
친구를 만나서 밥을 먹었어요 – I met a friend and ate together.
친구를 만나서 밥을 먹을 거예요 – I’m going to meet a friend and eat together.

Action + purpose of or the plan after the action. 돈을 모으다 (to save up, to save money) + 뭐 하다 (to do what)

돈을 모아서 뭐 할 거예요? – with the money you save what are you going to do?
게익을 사서 침구한테 줄 거예요 – I’m going to buy a cake to give to a friend.
한국에 가서 뭐 할 거예요? – After you go to Korea, what are you going to do?
열심히 공부해서 장학금을 받을 거예요 – I’m going to study hard and/to get a scholarship

fixed expressions.

-에 따라서 – according to
예를 들어서 – for example

계획에 따라서 진행하겠습니다 – I’ll proceed according to the plan.
예를 들어서, 이렇게 할 수 있어요 – for example, you can do it like this.

So, and I noticed

~았/었더니 (Used with verbs)

Realise or notice something after doing something:
오랜만에 고향에 갔더니 많은 것이 변해 있었어 – When I visited my hometown, a lot had changed.

The result (second clause) of doing something (first clause):
어제 술을 많이 마셨더니 오늘 머리가 아파요 – I’ve got a headache because I drank a lot yesterday.
내가 공부를 열심히 했더니 성적이 올랐다 – Since I studied hard, my grade went up.

~(하)도록 – so that, so as to, aim/purpose

아침 일곱 시에 밥을 먹도록 준비해 주세요 – Please prepare my meal so that I can have it at 7:00
이 버스를 타도록 (/타기위해 ) 빨리 일어나야 해! – We should get up early so as to (in order to) take this bus!
잊지 않도록 메모하세요 – please take a note so that you won’t forget it.
아침에 일찍 일어나도록 어젯밤에 일찍 잤어요 = I went to bed early last night for the purpose of (in order to) get up early in the morning
다른 승객들이 편히 탈 수 있도록 신문을 읽지 마세요 = so that other riders can ride comfortably, please don’t read a newspaper on the train
학생들이 알아들을 수 있도록 천천히 말하세요 = Speak slowly so that the students can understand you