noun ~적 = suffix turning a noun into a descriptive term (meaning similar to ‘relating to/having the properties of’)

문화(적) = culture (cultural)
경제(적) = economics (economical)
역사(적) = history (historical)
과학(적) = science (scientific)
충동(적) = impulse (impulsive)

~적으로 turns the word into an adverb

문화적으로 = culturally
경제적으로 = economically

한국은 지난 50년 동안 문화적으로 많이 변했어요 = Korea has changed a lot culturally in the period of/during/for the past 50 years
그 것은 경제적으로 가능하지 않아요 = That isn’t possibly economically
한국과 미국은 역사적으로 좋은 관계에 있다 = Historically, Korea and the US have had a good relationship
그들은 그 문제를 과학적으로 풀었다 = They solved that problem scientifically
저는 자주 옷을 충동적으로 사요 = I often buy clothes impulsively

~적이다 turns it into an adjective

캐나다와 미국이 문화적인 차이가 있다 = Canada and the US have a cultural difference
미국은 경제적인 결정을 했어요 = The US made an economical decision
저 학교는 역사적인 건물이에요 = That school is a historical building
이 것은 과학적인 문제예요 = This is a scientific problem
저는 너무 충동적이에요 = I’m too impulsive

Verbs into adjectives (noun groups)

제가 보는 책이에요 = It’s a book that I’m reading
제가 본 책이에요 = It’s a book that I’ve read
제가 볼 책이에요 = It’s a book that I will read

요즘 공부하는 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I am studying these days.
어제 공부한 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I studied yesterday.
내일 공부할 외국어예요 = It’s a foreign language that I will study tomorrow

verb ~(으)ㄹ + noun = future tense

읽을 책 = a book that (someone) will read, a book to read
초대할 사람 = a person that (someone) will invite, a person to invite
보낼 편지 = a letter that (someone) will send, a letter to send

먹을 것 = something to eat (food)
탈 것 = something to ride (vehicles)

마실 것 = something to drink (beverages)

내일 할 일이 많아요 = tomorrow there is a lot of work for me to do
지금은 할 이야기가 없어요 = Right now, I have nothing to say
냉장고에 먹을 것이 전혀 없어요 = In the refrigerator, there isn’t anything to eat at all

~(으)ㄹ 것 이에요 = ~(으)ㄹ 것이에요 = ~(으)ㄹ 거예요 (it is a thing to do.)

이거 누가 먹을 거예요? = Who will eat this? (This thing, it is something that WHO will eat?)

~(으)ㄴ + noun – past tense

어제 본 영화 = the movie that I saw yesterday
어제 온 사람들 = the people who came here yesterday
친구가 말한 카페 = the cafe that a friend talked about

Making adjectives

Action verb ~는 (present), ~(으)ㄴ (past), ~(으)ㄹ (future)
Descriptive verb

~(으)ㄴ, 있/없는 (past/present), ~(으)ㄹ (future)

(for verbs ending in ㄹ, drop the ㄹ and add –는)

좋아하는 노래 = a song that I like
나쁜 사람 = a bad person.
행복할 사람 = a person that will be happy

더 작은 가방 있어요? = do you have a smaller bag?
시원한 커피 마시고 싶어요 = I want to drink some cold coffee
자주 먹는 한국 음식 있어요? = is there a Korean food that you eat often?
자주 가는 카페 있어요? = is there a café that you go to often?
요즘 좋아하는 가수는 누구예요 = which singer do you like these days?
요즘 공부하고 있는 외국어는 일본어예요 = the foreign language I’m studying these days is Japanese.
눈이 오는 날에는 영화 보고 싶어요 = on a day that it snows, I want to see a movie.
저기 있는 사람, 아는 사람이에요? = that person over there, is it someone you know?
배 고픈 사람 (있어요)? = anybody (who is) hungry?

~던, ~았/었/였던 = used to do/be something (not anymore, didn’t finish) present progressive

(just ~던 is okay for action verbs, ~았/었/였던 for more emphasis on the past. for descriptive verbs almost always use ~았/었/였던)

예전에 제가 자주 가던 곳이에요 = I used to go to this place often in the past
예뻤던 경은 씨가 지금은… = Kyeong-eun, who used to be pretty, is now…
작년에는 키가 작았던 석진 씨가 지금은 키가 커요 = Seokjin, who used to be short, is now tall.
친했던 친구들이 지금은 다 외국에 살아요 = The friends I used to be close to are all living overseas now
지난 주에 이야기하던 거예요 = This is what we were talking about last week.
그 날은 좋았던 날이었다 = That was a good day
행복했던 기억을 생각하고 있다 = I’m thinking about happy memories
내가 읽던 책은 재미없었어 = the book I was reading wasn’t funny