~는 것 같다: present tense ACTION ~(으)ㄴ 것 같다: past tense ACTION, present tense DESCRIPTIVE (past tense descriptive is ~았/었던 것
같다)
~ㄴ/는다는 것: ACTION ~다는 것: DESCRIPTIVE
~ㄴ/는다고: present tense ACTION ~았/었다고: past tense ACTION ~겠다고, ~을 것이라고 : future tense
ACTION
~다고: DESCRIPTIVE ~라고: NOUN
~는지: present tense ACTION
~ㄴ/은지, ~았/었는지: past tense ACTION ~ㄴ/은지: present tense DESCRIPTIVE
~는데: any tenseACTION ~(으)ㄴ데: any tense DESCRIPTIVE
~는구나: present tense ACTION ~구나: present tense DESCRIPTIVE ~있/았/었구나, ~(이)구나: 있다, past tense and NOUNS
~ㄴ/는 이상 = Since, now that, once (preceding clause is a fact that makes the following clause something that’s naturally expected or supposed thing to happen)
(이상 = over/ above, from this point on. present tense is used in writing)
저도 이 회사의 직원인 이상, 이 행사에 꼭 참여해야 돼요 = Since I’m also an employee of this company, I must participate in this event.
이미 공식 발표를 한 이상, 이제 취소할 수는 없어요 = Since we’ve already made a public announcement, we can’t cancel it now. 비행기를 탄 이상, 도착할 때까지 내릴 수 없어요 = Now that you’ve boarded the airplane, you can’t get out until you arrive. 한번 시작한 이상, 중간에 포기할 수 없어요 = Once you’ve started, you can’t quit in the middle. 여기까지 온 이상, 포기하지 말고 열심히 하세요 = Since you’ve come this far, don’t give up and keep working hard 출근을 안 할 수는 있지만, 출근을 한 이상, 일을 안 할 수는 없어요 = I could just not go to work, but once I’ve gone to work, I can’ t not do work. 이 방에 들어온 이상, 이 게임을 꼭 해야 돼요 = Once you’ve come into this room, you must play this game.
~지 않는 이상,
~이/가 아닌 이상 = as long as, unless
비행기를 타지 않는 이상, 그렇게 빨리 갈 수가 없어요 = Unless you take the airplane, you can’t go that fast. 계산기를 쓰지 않는 이상, 이렇게 복잡한 계산은 못 해요 = Unless I use a calculator, I can’t do such a complex calculation. 아주 아프지 않은 이상, 저는 수업에 빠지지 않아요 = Unless I’m very sick, I don’t skip classes. 여기 직원이 아닌 이상, 들어갈 수가 없어요.= Unless you’re a staff member here, you can’t go in. 가족이 아닌 이상, 그런 건 알 수가 없어요 = Unless you are his family, it’s impossible to know such things. 중요한 일이 아닌 이상, 지금 이 시간에 나갈 수는 없어요 = Unless it’s something important, I can’t go out at this hour.
~(느)ㄴ다는/다는/(이)라는 생각이 들다 = To have a thought come to mind, to realise, to feel like (in reaction to something)
다들 어떤 생각이 들었죠? = So, what did everybody think? 이른 아침 시골길 사진이 있었는데, 아마 모험을 좋아하는 사람이라면 히치하이킹을 하고 싶다는 생각이 들 정도였지요 = There was a photograph of an early morning country road, it was so that you might think you wanted to go hitchhiking if you were an adventurous person. 인터뷰 후 나는 아마도 그녀는 좋은 일꾼일 거라는 생각이 들었다 = After the interview, I had an impression that she might be a good worker. 내가 어디에도 어울리지 못한다는 생각이 든다 = I feel like I don’t belong anywhere. 그는 아내가 바람을 피우고 있다는 생각은 들지 않았다 = It never occurred to him that his wife was having an affair.
~(느)ㄴ다는/다는/(이)라는 기분이 들다 = To feel like, to get the feeling
정말 처음으로 사람답게 사는 기분이 들었죠 = And for the first time I felt like a human being. 이용당한 기분이 들어 어젯밤 통 잠을 못 잤다 = I felt so used I could hardly sleep last night. 갑자기 좋지 않은 기분이 들었다 = Suddenly I don’t really feel like it. 난 마치 날아다니는 것 같은 기분이 들어 = I feel as if I were flying.
~기도 하고 ___ ~기도 하다 = Both at the same time
맵기도 하고, 달기도 해요 = It’s spicy and sweet at the same time. 어렵기도 하고, 재미있기도 해요 = It’s difficult and interesting at the same time.
Sometimes _____, sometimes _______.
좋기도 하고, 나쁘기도 해요 = It’s sometimes good, sometimes bad (good and bad at the same time.) 하기도 하고, 안 하기도 해요 = Sometimes I do it, sometimes I don’t. 저는 화요일마다 테니스를 치기도 하고 배드민턴을 하기도 해요 = On Tuesdays, sometimes I play tennis, and sometimes I play badminton 소주를 좋아하기도 하고, 싫어하기도 해요 = I sometimes like soju, and sometimes I hate it.
그렇기도 하고, 그렇지 않기도 해요 = It’s sometimes like that, sometimes not.
1. use 최근에 with past tense verbs after something has happenedand 요즘 if the thing is still happening.
2.
~고
싶어지다, not
~고
싶게 되다.
3.
~고 싶기도 하다 is more natural than
~기도 하고 싶다.
4. ____한 사람이 되고 싶다 is more natural that _____하게 되고 싶다
~(으)ㅁ neutral ending for when you’re not talking directly and level of formality not clear (memos, warnings, reports, dictionaries, laws, notices, etc.)
“진석진” 씨에게 전화 왔음 = Someone called “진석진” called you (memo) 읽음 = (It has been) read (message from your phone saying a text has been read) 모르고 있음 = He doesn’t know (narrative subtitle on a tv show saying that a character doesn’t know)
~고 말다 = the end result after a series of actions, to end up doing
(Similar to ~아/어/여 버리다 but more neutral,
~고 말다 usually used in writing and
~아/어/여 버리다 in speaking.)
잠들고 말았어요 = (I was doing other things so I didn’t want to fall asleep but after a while) I fell asleep. 공부를 하다가 잠들고 말았어요 = I was studying but then I fell asleep. 감기에 걸리고 말았어요 = I ended up catching a cold. 결국 힘이 다 빠지고 말았어요= I ended up using all my energy and became exhausted. 이곳도 사막이 되고 말았어요 = This place has also turned into a desert (eventually after a series of changes) 너무 어두워서 머리를 벽에 부딪히고 말았어요 = It was too dark, so I ended up hitting my head against the wall (after trying to avoid doing so) 범인을 쫓아갔지만 놓치고 말았어 = I went after the criminal, but I lost him. 가겠다는 약속을 하고 말았어요 = I ended up promising to go.
~고야 말았다 has more emphasis, the inevitable final result..
진상을 알아내고야 말았다 = ended up finding out the actual state of things. 과시 무거운 변이 마을을 흔들고야 말았다 = indeed, the calamity ended up taking a toll on the village
~아/어/여 버리다 = Action ends completely, usually with a strong feeling either of being happy or sad that it’s finished
어제 산 핸드폰을 잃어 버렸어요 = I lost the cell phone I bought yesterday. 안 좋은 일은 다 잊어 버렸어요 = I’ve forgotten all the bad things (I am done with them.) 빨리 끝내 버리세요 = Finish it quickly and be done with it 벌써 다 말해 버렸어요 = I’ve already told them everything (It’s done. It’s over.) 10분 더 기다려도 안 오면 저 혼자 가 버릴 거예요 = If I wait for 10 more minutes (and) you don’t come, I will just go by myself. 어제 쓴 글이 마음에 안 들어서 다 지워 버렸어요 = I didn’t like what I wrote yesterday, so I’ve erased it all. 효진 씨한테 기다려 달라고 했는데, 그냥 가 버렸어요 = I asked Hyojin to wait, but she just left. 컴퓨터가 멈춰 버렸어요 = My computer has stopped. (And it’s causing me trouble.) 시작한 김에 오늘 다 끝내 버리는 거 어때요? = Now that we’ve started it, why don’t we just get it all done today? 영화가 벌써 시작해 버렸어요 = Oh, no! The movie has already begun!
~(으)ㄹ 따름이다 = only, just
somewhat formal, expressing hope or regret, such as “I only did what he told me, but …” or “we can only wait for the result now.” Same meaning as 뿐입니다 but more formal
~(으)ㄹ 따름이다 (Present & Future Tense) ~았/었/였을
따름이다 (Past Tense)
기다릴 따름입니다 = I can only wait. 말해 줬을 따름입니다 = I did nothing but tell them about it.
제가 이 상을 받을 수 있게 도와 주신 모든 분들께 감사할 따름입니다 = I’m just grateful to everybody who helped me receive this award. 정말 놀라울 따름입니다 = All I can say is that I’m surprised. 저는 해야 할 일을 했을 따름입니다 = I just did what I had to do. 이런 일이 생겨서, 저희는 정말 당황스러울 따름입니다 = We are just really embarrassed that something like this happened.
Sutdy-Korean 