This expresses that while something in the first clause is true, something in the second clause that is related to the first clause but contrary/unexpected is also true. It uses ~ㄴ/는가 from the interrogative form and adds ~하면 (if you) to create an expression that can be understood as “If you were to ask me if ___ is true, [I’d say that] ___ is [also] true.” That’s incredibly awkward though, so it’s easier to remember it as “Not only [clause 1], but also [clause 2]” with two contrary clauses.
This structure is often used with words like “도” and “이제는” to stress the contrast.
eg.) 커피에다가 설탕만 넣는 사람이 있는가 하면 크림만 넣는 사람도 있다. Not only are there people who only put sugar in their coffee, there are also people who only use cream. [If you ask me “Are there people who only put sugar in their coffee?”, there’s actually also people who only use cream.]
그는 배우인가 하면 가수이기도 하다. He is not only an actor, he is also a singer.
~다지요? / ~(이)라지요? = Isn’t it … ? Don’t they say…? Didn’t I hear…?
그 분은 오페라를 좋아한다지요? = Don’t they say that he likes opera? 너는 벌써 표를 샀다지? = Didn’t I hear you bought the ticket already? 그 분이 대통령에 당선됐다지? = Didn’t I hear that he was elected president? 내일이 독립 기념일이라지요? = Don’t they say it’s Independence Day tomorrow? 그 책이 인기였다지요? = Didn’t I hear that the book was popular?
~(으)리라(고) = Will probably be/do, I bet/I reckon that … is likely the case.
(Non-final, quoted prospective assertive. Often used to quote internal thoughts. A fancy equivalent to -(으)ㄹ 것이라(고), and in origin the quoted version of -(으)리다)
도망가리라고 생각했었기 때문에 = Because he had thought [at first] that he would run away… 살금살금 움직이리라고 마음먹고 = He made up his mind to move quietly, and… 스위치 있는 쪽으로 가리라고 결심했다 = He decided to go toward the switch. 이것으로서 족하리라고 생각되었다 = With this, he thought it would be sufficient. 당장 떠나리라 마음 먹었다 = I made up my mind to take off immediately. 집을 다시 지으리라 생각했다 = He thought that he might rebuild his home. 서울에 내리면 아침이 되리라 했다 = When I disembark in Seoul, it will be morning, she thought to herself. 잘 지내시리라 믿습니다 = I am sure you are doing great. 그 사실을 아는 사람이 많지 않으리라 생각합니다 = I think few people know that. 알아서 잘하리라 믿어 = I trust you’ll take care of it. 그가 잘하리라고 생각해 = I expect he will do well.
~ㄹ/을 지경이다 = to/at the point of …, almost, nearly, on the verge of..
(지경 = border/boundary. Often preceded by a verb of hardship, such as 포기하다, 쓰러지다, 죽다, 울다, 꺾어지다, or 넘어 지다.)
시험이 너무 어려워 울 지경이었다 = The exam was so difficult that I almost cried. 피곤해서 쓰러질 지경이다 = I am so tired that I’m about to collapse. 목이 말라서 죽을 지경이었다 = I almost died of thirst.
~(어/아) 가지고(causal relationship, colloquial, only used in speech and not writing)
1. Because, since, so(cause and effect, similar to ~아/어/여서)
바빠 가지고 지금 갈 수 없어요 = Because I am busy I can not go.
어제 늦게 끝나 가지고 집에 못 갔어요 = Because I finished late yesterday, I couldn’t go home 오늘 날씨가 너무 더워 가지고 약속을 취소했어요 = Because the weather is so hot today, I cancelled my plans 우리가 너무 일찍 와 가지고 오랫동안 기다렸어요 = Because we came so early, we had to wait for a long time
2. After doing.., Having done… (colloquial expression of “having done something” is similar to -ㄴ/은 후에 and
~아/어/여서
)
불어를 공부해 가지고 프랑스에 살고 싶어요 = After studying French I want to live in France. 은행에서 돈을 찾아 가지고 나가겠어요 = After withdrawing money from the bank, I will go out. 한국어를 배워 가지고 한국 회사에 취직하겠어요 = After learning Korean, I will get a job in a Korean company. 공부를 해 가지고 와 = Come after you study.
-(으)로 is a very useful particle that can be attached to nouns (both normal nouns and nouns created using noun modifier endings) for a variety of usages. Especially at the beginning, it can be a bit hard or confusing to differentiate these different meanings. Let’s take a look at some of the most common usages of -(으)로!
Please note that -으로 is used when the preceding noun ends with a consonant except ㄹ, and -로 is used when the noun ends with a vowel or ㄹ.
Also, please note that there is another usage of -으로 that, when used with an adjective ending with -적, creates adverbs. However, I want to keep this post focused on -(으)로 on its own and write a separate post for adverb formation.
By means of
You can use -(으)로 to express using something for a purpose. In this case, we can think of the particle as meaning “by (means of)” or “using.”
버스로 갔어요. (I went by bus.)
연필로 쓰세요. (Write using a pencil.)
Toward
Another usage of -(으)로 is indicating the direction in which someone or something is moving. Please be careful not to confuse it with the destination particle -에! While they can at times occur in the same position, -(으)로 places more emphasis on the direction of movement or the actual process of going rather than the destination. As they do not mean the same thing, they are not interchangeable.
이쪽으로 오세요. (Come this way.)
어디로 가는 거예요? (Where are you going?)
Selection
When choosing between two or more things, you can use -(으)로 to indicate your choice or selection.
그것으로 살게요. (I’ll buy that one.)
민지 씨가 추천해준 식당으로 할까요? (Should we go to/choose the restaurant that Minji recommended?)
하얀색이면 너무 쉽게 더러워질 거예요. 검은색으로 하겠어요. (If it’s white it will get dirty too easily. I’ll choose black.)
Change
When you want to express that something turned into or became something else, you can use -(으)로. When used this way, there is a feeling of emphasis on the difference between the start and the end result.
말썽꾸러기였던 정원 씨는 진지한 사람으로 변했어요. (Jeongwon, who was a troublemaker, became a serious person.)
보수적인 윤혁 씨는 개방적인 친구들하고 놀다 보니까 개방적인 사람으로 됐어요. (Conservative Yunhyeok became more liberal through hanging out with his liberal friends.)
(Acting) as
The last usage of -(으)로 I will cover here is used to indicate the position from which someone is speaking or doing an action.
그 웹사이트에 회원으로 가입했어요. (I registered for that website [as a member].)
선생님으로 일하는 게 가끔은 어려워요. (Sometimes working as a teacher is hard.)
-(으)로 is a very common and useful particle. Make sure you practice all of its usages so you can recognize and use them all productively!
As always, happy studying~
~게 = Imperative in 하게체
(familiar speech level, neutral politeness. Used by older people addressing younger people, friends, or relatives.
상대 높임법의 하나. 보통으로 낮추면서 약간 대우하여 주는 종결형으로, 어느 정도 나이가 든 화자가 나이가 든 손아랫사람이나 같은 연배의 친숙한 사이에 쓴다. ‘김 군. 이것 좀 연구해 보게. 혼자 할 수 있겠나?’ 따위이다.)
다 V-고요 is an easy little grammar point used to express surprise over an unusual occurrence.
I have a friend who is chronically late to every meet up we have. If, one day, she manages to arrive at the meeting spot early, I could say to her, “일찍 다 오고요!” Note that the verb is never conjugated in past tense with this grammar.
This grammar is often used with expressions of surprise such as 웬일이에요?, 무슨 일이 있어요?, and 왜 그래요?
Examples:
웬일이에요? 밥을 다 사고요. (Implication being that they never cover a meal.)
무슨 일이 있어요? 지각을 다 하고요. (Implication being that they are never late.)
왜 그래? 갑자기 공부를 다 하고. (Implication being that they never study.)
Today we’ll look at some advanced grammar that is… pretty similar to something we’ve already covered! Let’s just straight on in!
Function
-(으)ㄹ뿐더러 is used when you want to add something in the following clause on top of or in addition to what you already said in the first clause. We already saw this kind of meaning with the first usage of the grammar form -거니와. We can translate it as “Not only… but also…” or “In addition to…”.
In addition to -거니와, we can also replace this grammar form with “-(을) 뿐만 아니라” (for the “Not only… but also” meaning) and “-(으)ㄴ/는데다가” or “N-에다가” (for the “In addition to…” meaning).
Usage
This grammar can be used with action verbs, descriptive verbs, and nouns in the past and present tenses. If the preceding clause is positive, the following clause must be positive. Similarly, if the preceding clause is negative, so must be the following clause.
Action verbs:
Past: -았/었을뿐더러
규민 씨는 운동을 열심히 했을뿐더러 건강식만을 먹어서 살을 많이 뺄 수 있었어요. (Kyumin not only exercised hard but also ate only healthy foods, so he was able to lose a lot of weight.)
소민 씨는 그 책을 한 백번이나 읽었을뿐더러
그 소설 원작의 영화도 15번 이상 봐서 대화를 다 외울수 있었어요. (In addition to having read that book about 100 times Somin also watched the movie based on it fifteen times, so she was able to memorize all the dialogue.
Present: -(으)ㄹ뿐더러
요즘 책도 많이 읽을뿐더러 교육 방송도 많이 봐서 이것저것을 많이 배우는 것 같아요. (Lately I not only read a lot of books but also watch educational programs, so it seems like I’m learning a lot of this and that.)
우리 남동생은 잠을 정말 깊히 잘뿐더러 길게 잘 수 있어서 어떨 때 동생의 잠 자는 모습은 거의 죽은 사람 같아요. (My younger brother not only sleeps very deeply but also can sleep for a long time so sometimes, he seems almost like a dead person when he’s asleep.)
Descriptive verbs:
Past: -았/었을뿐더러
그 사람은 상냥했을뿐더러 잘 생기기도 해서 거의 첫 눈에 반했어요. (Because that person was not only kind but also good-looking I almost immediately fell for him.)
지난 번에 갔을 때 그 집 음식이
맛있었을뿐더러 값도 싸서 친구들이랑 다시 가려고 해요.
(The last time I went there that’s place’s food was not only delicious but also cheap, so I plan to go again with my friends.)
Present: -(으)ㄹ뿐더러
그 도시는 공기도 별로 안 좋을뿐더러 할 것도 거의 없는데 도대체 왜 거기서 살고 싶어요? (That city not only has bad air but also has next to nothing to do so why on earth do you want to live there?)
이 주변은 주차비도 비쌀뿐더러 교통도 너무 복잡해서 차를 사는 것보다 대중교통을 이용하는 게 나아요. (This area not only has expensive parking fees but also has bad traffic so using public transportation is better than buying a car.)
Nouns:
Past: -이었/였을뿐더러
옛날에
저 분은 배우였을뿐더러 유명한 가수였어요. (Back in the day, that person was not only an actor but also a famous singer.
거기 있었던 건물은 감옥이었을뿐더러 공장이었어요. (The building that used to be here was not only a prison but also a factory.)
Present: -일뿐더러
미루 씨에게 개는 애완동물일뿐더러 소중한 친구이기도 해요. (To Miru, dogs are not only pets but also precious friends.)
가정 생활이 어려운 아이들에게 선생님은 선생님일뿐더러 멘토예요. (To students who have hard home lives, teachers are not only teacher but also mentors.)
I hope you found this post useful! As always, happy studying~
~(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 = it’s almost as though, I’d say…, all things considered, comparatively speaking, it amounts to
From the verb 세다, this form indicates a calculated result. It is a colloquial expression.
비싸게 산 셈이다 = I’d say we paid too much. 이 아파트는 값에 비해 넓은 셈이다 = (I’d say) this apartment is large, considering the price. 매일 학교에 가는 셈이다 = It’s almost as though I go to school every day. 서울서 이렇게 오래 살았으니, 이제 나의 고향은 서울이 되는 셈이구나 = I’ve lived in Seoul so long, it’s like it’s my hometown.
~ㄹ/을 셈이다 = plans to, intends to
나는 오전 중에 돌아 올 셈이었다 = I was planning on coming back before noon.너 앞으로 어떻게 할 셈이야? = What are you planning to do from now on? 나를 바보 만들 셈이냐? = Are you going to make a fool of me? 유학을 갈 셈이었다 = I intended to go abroad to study.
Sutdy-Korean 